Comparison of bone mineral density of osteoporotic and osteopenia menopausal women treated with oral bisphosphonates before stopping the treatment and 1 year after drug holiday period.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a skeletal and bone disorder characterized by bone fractures and decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Bisphosphonates have a great tendency to bind to minerals, and their long-term use can increase the risk of bone fragility in patients. Stopping bisphosphonates after a period of time is called a drug holiday (DH). Recent evidence has shown that patients' BMD may decrease again during DH. However, few studies have been done in this regard. In the present study, we compared the BMD of postmenopausal women during bisphosphonates treatment and 1 year after DH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 202 patients were selected with osteopenia (n = 95) and osteoporosis (n = 107); they had been treated with alendronate for 5 years (a rheumatologist confirmed the diagnosis of osteopenia and osteoporosis) and had undergone DH for 1 year. At the arrival of all patients, BMD was checked with the DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) method using the 2007 American Explorer model Hologic device based on the Caucasian race. One year later, patients were reassessed for BMD by the same device. RESULT: The analysis of femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) T-score indices in the osteopenia and the osteoporosis groups showed reduction after DH, and the difference was statistically significant in both groups (p = 0.001). After 1 year of stopping bisphosphonate treatment, the average of FN and LS BMD decreased in both groups (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In general, it can be said that DH can reduce FN and LS T-scores. The results indicated a significant reduction in BMD after the DH period for both the osteoporosis and osteopenia groups in the early months. Also, the effect of DH in osteoporosis patients was more compared to the osteopenia individuals, which could have implications for their treatment approach, and also its effect on bone health. Key Points • The DH can reduce FN and LS T-scores • The BMD reduced after the DH period for both the osteoporosis and osteopenia groups • After 1 year of stopping bisphosphonate treatment, the average of FN and LS BMD decreased in both groups.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of topical oily solution containing frankincense extract in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Pharmacological treatments of osteoarthritis (OA) have several side effects. Boswellia serrata resin (frankincense) is rich in boswellic acids that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects; though, their oral bioavailability is low. The aim of this study was evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of frankincense extract in the treatment of knee OA. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, eligible patients with knee OA were randomly divided into two groups of drug (33 patients) and control (37 patients), to use oily solution of frankincense extract or placebo, respectively, on the involved knee three times daily for four weeks. WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index), VAS (visual analogue scale; for pain severity), and PGA (patient global assessment) scores were determined before and after intervention. RESULTS: For all evaluated outcome variables, there was a significant decrease from baseline in both groups (P < 0.001 for all). Furthermore, the end-of-intervention values for all parameters were significantly lower in drug group than placebo group (P < 0.001 for all), showing more effectiveness of drug compared to placebo. CONCLUSION: Topical oily solution containing enriched extract of boswellic acids could decrease pain severity and improve the function in patients with knee OA. Trial Registration Trial registration number: IRCT20150721023282N14. Trial registration date: September 20, 2020. The study was retrospectively registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT).

Impacts of FcγRIIB and FcγRIIIA gene polymorphisms on systemic lupus erythematous disease activity index.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) disease is a chronic autoimmune disease with unknown etiology that can involve different organs. Polymorphisms in Fcγ receptors have been identified as genetic factors in susceptibility to SLE. This study was aimed to investigate effects of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within FcγRIIB and FcγRIIIA genes on systemic lupus erythematous disease activity index (SLEDAI) in an Iranian population. RESULTS: Our findings indicated TT and GG genotypes were the common genotypes of FcγRIIB and FcγRIIIA SNPs in SLE patients, respectively. There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of FcγRIIB and FcγRIIIA SNPs in SLE and healthy subjects. However, the frequencies of genotypes and alleles of FcγRIIB and FcγRIIIA SNPs were significantly associated with some clinical manifestations used to determine SLEDAI (P < 0.001-0.5).

Alendronate improves fasting plasma glucose and insulin sensitivity, and decreases insulin resistance in prediabetic osteopenic postmenopausal women: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Postmenopausal women receive bisphosphonates for osteoporosis treatment. The effect of these medications on developing diabetes mellitus in prediabetic patients is yet to be investigated. We aimed to determine the effect of alendronate on plasma glucose, insulin indices of postmenopausal women with prediabetes and osteopenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial included 60 postmenopausal women, aged 45-60 years. All patients were vitamin D sufficient. They were randomly enrolled in intervention (70 mg/week alendronate for 12 weeks) and control (placebo tablet per week for 12 weeks) groups. The morning 8-h fasting blood samples were collected at the baseline and follow-up visits to measure the fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL), insulin and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Plasma glucose and insulin concentration were measured 30, 60 and 120 min after the glucose tolerance test. The Matsuda Index, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment of ß-cell function and the area under the curves of glucose and insulin were calculated. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) fasting plasma glucose (102.43 [1.46] mg/dL vs 94.23 [1.17] mg/dL, P = 0.001), 120-min insulin concentration (101.86 [15.70] mU/L vs 72.60 [11.36] mU/L, P = 0.026), HbA1c (5.60 [0.06]% vs 5.40 [0.05]%, P = 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (3.57 [0.45] vs 2.62 [0.24], P = 0.021) and Matsuda Index (7.7 [0.41] vs 9.2 [0.4], P = 0.001) significantly improved in the alendronate-treated group. There were more statistically significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose (-8.2 [8.63] mg/dL vs -2.5 [14.26] mg/dL, P = 0.002) and HbA1c (-0.2 [0.23]% vs -0.09 [0.26]%, P = 0.015) observed in the alendronate-treated group than the placebo group during the study course, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of 70 mg/week alendronate improves fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and insulin indices in postmenopausal women.

The effects of conventional drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis on the serum lipids.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic autoimmune disorder that leads to damage of human joints. There are various treatment approaches in which different drugs are prescribed which have several alterations in serum lipids. This research aimed to study the effect of RA treatments on the serum lipids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred randomly selected patients with RA were randomly assigned to three different groups. The first group of patients was treated with a combination of prednisolone (PRD) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). The second group was treated with three drugs including PRD, HCQ, and methotrexate (MTX). The third group was treated with four medications including PRD, HCQ, MTX, and sulfasalazine. Within each group, the lipid factors such as triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and visual analog scale were measured at the beginning of the experiment and 6 months after exposing the treatments. For each group, we also calculated the Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS-28). The analysis of variance revealed that the overall DAS-28 was significantly different among the three groups. RESULTS: In the first group, the level of TG and TC significantly decreased (P = 0.015 and P ≤ 0.001, respectively). In the second group, the level of TG and LDL significantly decreased (P = 0.009). In the third group, the LDL level increased considerably (P < 0.001). The HDL level significantly increased in all three groups (P = 0.012, P = 0.014, and P = 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSION: The treatment PRD + HCQ + MTX was more effective in reducing the LDL level and increasing the HDL level. To reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with RA, it is important to prescribe the combination of drugs which leads and normalizes the lipid profile levels.

Prevalence of Chondrocalcinosis in Patients above 50 Years and the Relationship with Osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Some studies showed a relation between chondrocalcinosis and osteoarthritis (OA). Hence, considering the importance of chondrocalcinosis diagnosis andnecessity for its integration with OA, the current study aims at investigating prevalence of chondrocalcinosis in patients above 50 years admitted to Isfahan Al-Zahra Medical Center and its relationship with OA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 600 patients who referred to the radiology units of Al-Zahra Hospital for radiography of different joints were studied during 2013-2014. The patients images were studied for chondrocalcinosis and OA by a radiologist and also examined clinically and results of imaging by an expert rheumatologist. The prevalence of chondrocalcinosis and it relation with OA was determined by Statistical Package for Social Sciences software and using of Chi-square and t-test. RESULTS: 23 patients under study had chondrocalcinosis (3.83%). patients with chondrocalcinosis had higher age average, and they were in age group of 70 years and older, but no significant difference was observed regarding the prevalence of the disease in both genders. Chondrocalcinosis prevalence in terms of body mass index showed significant differences (P = 0.001). All patients with chondrocalcinosis had a history of joint disease and prevalence of chondrocalcinosis in terms of joint disease history showed a significant difference (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of chondrocalcinosis is relatively high in the Iranian population of 70 years and older. Hence, more investigation considering to the diagnosis of chondrocalcinosis among patients with OA is very important.

Evaluation of the effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia alone and combined with Boswellia thurifera compared with ibuprofen in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common articular disorders. Many patients do not respond to acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for knee OA. The plants Elaeagnus angustifolia and Boswellia thurifera have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of E. angustifolia alone and in combination with B. thurifera compared with ibuprofen in patients with knee osteoarthritis. In a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial, 75 patients with knee OA were randomly and equally assigned to one of three groups Elaeagnus (n = 23), Elaeagnus/Boswellia (n = 26), and ibuprofen (n = 26) to receive the capsules of Elaeagnus, Elaeagnus/Boswellia, and ibuprofen, respectively, three times daily with meals for 4 weeks. Pain severity based on VAS (visual analog scale, 0 to 10 scale) and the scores of LPFI (Lequesne Pain and Function Index) and PGA (patient global assessment) were determined pre- and post-intervention for all patients. All interventions had significant lowering effects on VAS, LPFI, and PGA scores (P < 0.001 for all parameters) with no significant difference between groups in terms of effects on all evaluated parameters. Consumption of E. angustifolia fruit extract either alone or in combination with Boswellia oleo-gum resin extract could decrease pain and improve function in patients with knee osteoarthritis comparable to ibuprofen.

The association of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies with disease activity in seronegative rheumatoid arthritis patients.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease that is associated with progressive disability, systemic complications, and early death. The present study was aimed to investigate the level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA isotypes and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody and to assess their association with disease severity based on disease activity score (DAS-28) in patients with IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) negative RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 62 RA patients with IgM-RF negative were assessed. Radiographs were obtained for all RA patients. The RF (IgG, and IgA) and anti-CCP were measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Values of cut-off points over 15 UI/mL for IgA IgA-RF, 20 UI/mL for IgG-RF and over 20 units for anti-CCP were considered positive. DAS-28 score was compared in regard to the IgA-RF and IgG-RF and anti-CCP positivity using Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: DAS-28 score in IgA-RF positive was significantly higher than IgA-RF negative (mean score, 6.03 ± 0.33 vs. 5.44 ± 0.76 respectively, P = 0.035). In IgG-RF positive patients, DAS-28 score was similar to patients with IgG-RF negative (5.64 ± 0.59 vs. 5.46 ± 0.78 respectively, P = 0.396). Furthermore, in patients with anti-CCP positive DAS-28 score was significantly higher than patients with anti-CCP negative (5.72 ± 0.61 vs. 5.38 ± 0.79 respectively, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Findings indicated that there was a significant association between the amounts of IgA and anti-CCP with severity of disease in RF negative RA patients while there was no significant association between the amounts of IgG and severity of RA disease.

Effects of Levothyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone on bone loss in patients with primary hypothyroidism.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies on bone mineral density (BMD) abnormalities associated with hypothyroidism are scarce and not conclusive. The effect of thyroid hormone therapy on BMD has shown mixed results. The aim of the present study was to determine the severities of osteoporosis in female patients with hypothyroidism in comparison to healthy women. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 150 women aged over 50 years. Totally, 100 patients with primary hypothyroidism and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study and divided into three groups. Group A, which consisted the patients who had been recently diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism. The second group of patients diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism for at least 2 years and was treated with levothyroxine (Group B). The third group of healthy individuals was selected as a control group (Group C). Blood samples were taken for the measurements of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and bone densitometry was performed to determine the BMD reported as T-score in order to measure the severity of osteoporosis. T-score of the lumbar vertebra (L2-L4) and femoral neck were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and were compared between the three groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS using regression analysis and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, or analysis of variances statistical tests. The statistical significance was set at a P < 0.05. FINDINGS: The average age of patients and baseline serum TSH levels in Group B was significantly different from the other two groups (P < 0.001). T-score of the lumbar spine (L2-L4) in Group B was significantly lower than the other groups (P = 0.01). The linear regression between serum TSH levels and BMD categories were not clearly associated. However, after removing the effect of the baseline TSH level in Group B, bone loss was significantly greater than the other two groups (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: According to the present study, it seems that the treatment of hypothyroidism with thyroid hormones reduces both serum levels of TSH and bone density. Hence, proper control of this risk factor can be an effective way in prevention of osteoporosis.

A case of sine scleroderma with parenchymal lung disease.

Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma is a subtype of scleroderma, which is characterized by involvement of visceral organs, but no characteristic skin alteration. The involved organs could be kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal system, and lungs. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the pulmonary manifestations of sine scleroderma. We report a 38-year-old woman presenting with chill, fever, generalized malaise, dyspnea on exertion, and dry cough with a history of Raynaud's phenomenon, who was evaluated by physical examination, spirometry, and computed tomography scan, that all lead to the diagnosis of ILD. Combination of high-titer positive anti-nuclear antibody, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, positive C-reactive protein, and ILD could be explained by sine scleroderma.

Serum cryoglobulins and disease activity in systematic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of cryoglobulins in Iranian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and evaluate the correlation of cryoglobulins with disease activity in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, we investigated 80 consecutive women who fulfilled the 1982 revised criteria of the American College of Rheumatology for the classification of SLE. All the patients had undergone a medical interview and general physical examination by a rheumatologist for clinical and serologic characteristics of SLE. For the determination of cryoglobulins, sera were collected by a standard protocol at 37°C, and after incubation at 4°C for seven days, the level of cryoglobulins was estimated for each patient. RESULTS: Cryoglobulins were detected in the sera of 39 (48.8%) patients. All of these patients had cryocrit over 5%. Disease was active in 30 patients [SLEDAI ≥6 (DAI: disease activity index)] and inactive in 50 (SLEDAI <6). There was no significant difference between active and inactive patients for the presence of serum cryoglobulins (r = 0.086, P = 0.56). A significant positive correlation was observed between antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-dsDNA (dsDNA: Double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid), CH50 (CH50: total hemolytic complement assay), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0.21, P = 0.004, r = 0.65, P = 0.001, r = 0.45, P = 0.023, r = 0.38, P = 0.036, respectively). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was not detected in any of the SLE patients. CONCLUSION: Although the presence of cryoglobulins in the SLE patients correlated with positive anti-ds DNA and low CH50, it could not be predict activity of the disease.

Anti-ribosomal P antibodies related to depression in early clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric lupus is still a major challenge in clinical practice. We investigated the association between depression and anti-ribosomal P (anti-P) antibodies in a sample of Iranian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on adult patients with SLE referring to a referral out-patient clinic of rheumatology. Demographic data and clinical data with regards to measuring disease activity with the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index were gathered. Anti-P antibodies were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Depression severity was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. RESULTS: One hundred patients (80% female and 20% male, age = 34.8 ± 10.9 years) were included. Anti-P antibodies were present more frequently in depressed than non-depressed patients (30% vs. 10%, P = 0.015). Depression severity was correlated with anti-P antibodies level only in patients with disease duration of less than 2 years (r = 0.517, P = 0.019). There was no association between the depression severity and disease activity. Binary logistic regression analysis showed age (B = 0.953, CI 95%: 0.914-0.993) and positive anti-P antibodies (B = 4.30, CI 95%: 1.18-15.59) as factors that independently associated with depression. CONCLUSION: We found an association between depression and presence of anti-P antibodies, and also strong correlation between depression severity and anti-P antibodies level in newly diagnosed SLE patients. Depression severity in newly diagnosed SLE patients may reflect a neuropsychiatric involvement, and in later phases, it is more affected by the chronicity of the disease as well as other environmental factors.

Correlation of serum prolactin levels and disease activity in systematic lupus erythematosus.

To assess the frequency of hyperprolactinaemia and its possible clinical significance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this cross-sectional study, we determined serum prolactin (PRL) levels in 60 SLE female patients (age range 15-60 years). Disease activity was defined according to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Serum PRL concentrations were determined by immunoradiometric assay. Elevated serum concentrations of PRL (>20 ng/ml) were found in 5 of 60 (8.4%) patients. No direct correlation between PRL levels with disease activity of SLE was found (r = 0.062, P = 0.39). SLE was active in 23 patients (SLEDAI ≥ 6) and inactive in 37 (SLEDAI < 6). In those with active disease, median PRL levels were lower (11.0 ng/ml) than normoprolactinaemic group (12.1 ng/ml). There was no significant difference in serum PRL levels between active and non-active patients (P = 0.07). There was a significant difference in the frequency of several clinical manifestations and serological parameters between SLE patients with normal and high prolactin (renal involvement, haematological manifestation and anti-ds DNA). This study has shown that hyperprolactinaemia is prevalent in random SLE patients. The elevated PRL levels seem not to be associated with disease activity. The mechanism and pathoaetiological and clinical significance of hyperprolactinaemia in a small subset of SLE patients remain unclear and a longer follow-up is necessary.

Wegener's granulomatosis and mucoromycosis: A case study and review of literature.

Mucormycosis is a fatal invasive infection which mostly involves diabetic or immunosuppressed patients. Early diagnosis, improving immunosuppression, systemic antifungal therapy, and surgical debridement are necessary for successful treatment. In this case study, we represent a known case of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), with concomitant sinusal mucormycosis mimicking vasculitic disease relapse, which was successfully treated with surgical debridement, amphotericine, and intravenous immunoglobuline.

The association of anti-CCP1 antibodies with disease activity score 28 (DAS-28) in rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most frequent autoimmune diseases in the world which affect about 1% of people. Measurement of the anti-CCP1 antibody titer in these patients is one of the new tests that is available in our country and in the multiple studies has been shown to be more specific than rheumatoid factor in the diagnosis of RA (97%). This test becomes positive in early stage of disease and it has a high predictive value. The aim of our study was to determine the relationship between anti-CCP1 antibody and disease activity score 28 (DAS-28) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 90 patients with RA for evaluating the relation between anti-CCP1 antibody titer and DAS-28, patients were selected by consecutive method; serum samples were collected from patients. Anti-CCP1 antibody was measured by the corresponding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF), DAS-28, visual analog scale (VAS) were determined in patients with RA. Statistical analysis performed with t-test and Pearson's correlations coefficient. RESULTS: Anti-CCP1 level was associated with DAS-28 (P<0.001, r=0.35). The largest linear correlation was between anti-CCP1 antibody levels and VAS; it means that higher titers of anti-CCP1 antibody are associated with more painful joints in our patients. The average of DAS-28 in our positive and negative anti-CCP1 antibody patients was 5.07±1.1 and 3.5±1.5, respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was moderate correlation between anti-CCP1 titer and DAS-28.

Serum adenosine deaminase in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, adenosine deaminase (ADA) is introduced as helpful marker in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the serum ADA in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment with methotrexate (MTX) in RA. METHODS: This was a self-controlled clinical trial conducted in university hospitals of Isfahan, Iran. The serum level of ADA, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and rheumatoid factor (RF) were measured for 70 patients with active RA (Disease Activity Score-28 [DAS28] > 3/2). After three months of MTX treatment and disease remission (DAS28 < 2.6) these markers were measured again. ANCOVA multiregression and paired t-test were used to compare and evaluate the mean level and correlation of ADA, ESR, IgM-RF, and DAS before and after RA remission. FINDINGS: The mean value for ADA activity was significantly higher than the normal one compared with other studies. Significant decreases were seen in values of ADA, ESR, RF, visual analogue scale (VAS), and DAS after remission. Also, the correlation coefficient between the values of ADA with ESR and DAS were statistically significant in baseline. Moreover, the statistically significant correlation between ADA and ESR, VAS, and DAS were seen after remission. No correlation was found in the case of the dosage of MTX with the value of ADA. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that ADA may be considered useful as a marker in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment with Methotrexate in RA.

Evaluation of bone loss in diabetic postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus are major and growing public health problems particularly among postmenopausal women. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between osteoporosis and osteopenia with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross sectional study, we compared 200 diabetic postmenopausal women with 400 non-diabetic postmenopausal women over the age of 60 years. Age, Body Mass Index (BMI), T score of the lumbar vertebra (L2-L4) and femoral neck were measured with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and were compared between the two groups. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) was also measured in patients with type 2 DM and its relationship with osteoporosis was studied. Chi-square, Fisher's exact test and Independent T-test was used for analyzing the data. The statistical significance was set at a P value of 0.05 or lower. RESULTS: Mean, SD ages were 65.23 ± 4.80 vs. 66.91 ± 5.78 years and BMI were 28.94 ± 4.06 vs. 31.65 ± 4.42 kg/m(2) in non-diabetic and diabetic groups, respectively. Lumber T scores was -2.10 ± 1.08 vs.-2.16 ± 1.27 (P = 0.60), femoral neck T-score was -0.72 ± 1.00 vs. -1.09 ± 0.96 (P = 0.00) in non-diabetic and diabetic groups, respectively. There was a significant difference in femoral neck T score between the diabetic and non-diabetic group (P = 0.00). In diabetic women, bone loss was more common in those with HbA1C ≥7 compare to those with HbA1C <7 (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Osteopenia and osteoporosis is more common in diabetic postmenopausal women compare to the non-diabetic postmenopausal women.